Factors Affecting the Preservation and Management of Archaeological Heritage in Swat Valley

Abstract

This research is about to explore the various challenges in preserving archaeological heritage in Swat Valley and is delimited to two sites including Jahan Abad Buddha and But Kara Stupa. The research addresses how various factors, including economic challenges, political uncertainty, environmental destruction, and people interactions, contribute to the ongoing decline of these valuable historical sites. Fieldwork was conducted using interviews with 25-30 respondents, including local stakeholders, experts, and tourism and heritage conservation professionals. Data from the focus group was also obtained from the community members and the data was thematically analysed with appropriate themes. The research identified critical gaps in current preservation efforts, particularly a lack of sustainable tourism practices and not enough financial support for maintaining these cultural landmarks. The findings also show that illegal activities, such as unofficial excavations, are rampant, undermining the preservation initiatives. The study suggests that promoting archaeological heritage preservation, as well as the need for strengthening government policies and implementation mechanisms to be strengthened.